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Click here to view Electronic
Reference Formats Recommended
by the American Psychological Association.
*
The
following guide was developed to assist students with the APA style guide.
The APA Publication Manual (5th ed.) is available on Reserve.
Please consult the handbook for more information and examples. |
Creating a Reference List | Citing Online Sources | Reference Citations
| The
reference list appears at the end of a research paper and includes full
bibliographic entries for sources referred to within the paper. The reference
list should appear in alphabetical order and be double-spaced with the
heading References centered at the top of the page.
|
Sample Citations:
| BOOKS — Basic Format: Author. (Date). Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher. |
BOOK WITH ONE AUTHOR: [See section 4.16.B of the APA manual]
Barkley, R. A. (2000). Taking charge of ADHD: The complete authoritative guide for parents
(Rev. ed.). New York: Guilford.
BOOK WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR:
Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
BOOK WITH AN EDITOR: [4.16.B.25]
Stainback, S. (Ed.). (1992). Curriculum consideration in inclusive classrooms:
Facilitating learning for all students. Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks.
Use
(Eds.) for two or more editors.
BOOK WITH NO AUTHOR: [4.16.B.26]
A natural history of sex: The ecology and evolution of sexual behavior. (1993). New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
CHAPTER OR ARTICLE ENTRY FROM A REFERENCE BOOK: [4.16.B.39]
Marcus-Newhall, A. (1993). Law and psychology. In F. N. Magill (Ed.), Survey of social
science: Psychology series (Vol. 3, pp. 1413-1418). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem
Press.
If work is
not part of a multi-volume set, place only the page nos. in parentheses.
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS: [4.16.B.29]
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders
(4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
| ARTICLES — Basic Format: Article authors. (Date). Article title. Periodical title, Periodical information, page(s). |
ARTICLE FROM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL: [4.16.A.1]
Tindal, G. (1990). An analysis of mainstream consultation outcomes for secondary
students identified as learning disabled. Learning Disability Quarterly, 13, 220-229.
ARTICLE FROM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL (JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUE): [4.16.A.2]
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.
ARTICLE FROM A MAGAZINE: [4.16.A.6]
Kandel, E.R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific
barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE (NO AUTHOR): [4.16.A.9]
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15).
The Washington Post, p. A12.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE (WITH AN AUTHOR): [4.16.A.10]
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status.
The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
[For
more information, see section 4.16.I of the Publication Manual]
INTERNET
ARTICLES BASED ON A PRINT SOURCE: [4.16.I.71]
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in
the
selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version].
Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
| If you reference an online article that you have reason to believe has been changed, or that includes additional data or commentary, you will need to add the date you retrieved the document and the URL: |
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in
the
selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic
Research 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html
ARTICLE IN AN INTERNET-ONLY JOURNAL: [4.16.I.72]
Frederickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize
health
and well-being. Prevention and Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November
20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
ARTICLE IN AN INTERNET-ONLY NEWSLETTER: [4.16.I.74]
Glueckauf, R.L., Whitton, J., Kain, J., Vogelgesang, S., Hudson,
M., et al. (1988, July)
Videocounseling for families of rural teens with epilepsy—Project update.
Telehealth News, 2(2). Retrieved May 6, 2000, from http://www.telehealth.net/
subscribe/newslettr_4a.html#1
| Use the complete publication date given on the article. Note that there are no page numbers. In an Internet periodical, volume and issue numbers often are not relevant. If they are not used, the name of the periodical is all that can be provided in the reference. Whenever possible, the URL should link directly to the article. Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Do not insert (or allow a word-processing program to insert) a hyphen at the break. |
| INTERNET DOCUMENTS — Basic Format: Article Authors. (Date). Document title. Retrieved month day, year, from URL |
MULTIPAGE DOCUMENT CREATED BY PRIVATE ORGANIZATION, NO DATE: [4.16.I.75]
Greater
New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and
Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved
October 5, 2000, from http://www.familymealtime.org
| When an Internet document comprises multiple pages (i.e., different sections have different URLs), provide a URL that links to the home page (or entry) of the document. Use n.d. (No date) when a publication date is not available. |
CHAPTER OR SECTION IN AN INTERNET DOCUMENT: [4.16.I.75]
Benton Foundation.
(1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit
by bit: Low-income communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved November
12, 2002, from http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.html
| Use a chapter or section identifier (if available) in place of page numbers. Provide a URL that links directly to the chapter or section. |
DOCUMENT AVAILABLE ON UNIVERSITY PROGRAM/DEPT. WEBSITE: [4.16.I.76]
Chou, L.,
McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D.H. (1993). Technology and education:
New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures.
Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning
Technologies Web site: http://www.columbia.edu/publications/papers/
newwine1.html
| If a document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as a university or government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon. |
JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM ONLINE DATABASE: [4.16.I.88]
Borman,
W.C., Hanson, M.A., Oppler, S.H., Pulakos, E.D., & White, L.A. (1993). Role
of
early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology,
78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.
ARTICLE FROM ONLINE NEWSPAPER: [4.16.I.89]
Hilts, P.J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New
York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com
Sample Reference Citations in Paper
Direct Quote — Author's name in reference: [3.94]
"They [feminists] had to prove that woman was not a passive empty mirror, not a frilly
useless decoration, not a mindless animal, not a thing to be disposed of by others"
(Friedan, 1963, p. 81).
Direct Quote — Author's name in text:
Friedan (1963) writes that "they [feminists] had to prove that woman was not a passive
empty mirror, not a frilly useless decoration, not a mindless animal, not a thing to be
disposed of by others" (p. 81).
Paraphrasing — Author's name in reference:
Friedan (1963) states that feminists had the overwhelming task of restructuring women's
identity so that women would no longer be considered vacuous and negligible.
Paraphrasing — Author's name in text:
Feminists had the overwhelming task of restructuring women's identity so that women
would no longer be considered vacuous and negligible (Friedan, 1963).
Corresponding Reference Listing:
Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. New York: W.W. Norton.
Miscellaneous Guidelines
1. When
citing a work with 2 authors, always include both last names in all references.
[see section 3.95 of the
Publication Manual]
2. When citing a work with 3-5 authors,
include all names in the first reference. Afterwards,
use only the first author's
last name followed by "et al." [3.95]
ex: (Smith, Jones,
Davis & Nelson, 1992) then (Smith et al., 1992)
3. When citing a work with 6 or more authors,
use the first author's last name followed by
"et al." in all references.
[3.95]
4. When citing a work with no author, cite
the first few words of the reference list entry
(usually the title) and the
year. Use double quotation marks around article and chapter titles.
Italicize the titles
of books, periodicals, brochures, and reports. [3.97]
ex:
("New Drug," 1993) for "New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart
failure."
The
Washington Post.
5. When a quotation is 40 words or longer,
do not use quotation marks. Begin the quotation
on a new line indenting
each line five spaces from the left margin. Include page references.
Continue to double space.
[3.34]
6. When citing a work with a group author,
you may abbreviate only if the group or agency
is identified by an abbreviation.
[3.96]
ex:
first citation -- (American Psychological Association [APA], 1992)
subsequent
citations -- (APA, 1992)
7. When
referring to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
cite the
name of the association
and the manual in full at the first mention in the text of your paper;
from then on, you may
use an abbreviation such as DSM-IV. [4.16]
8. When referring to electronic
sources, use page numbers with PDF documents. If no
page
numbers are available, refer to paragraph numbers or document headings and paragraph
numbers. [3.39]
ex: (Myers, 2000, ¶5)
ex: (Butler, 2000, Conclusion section, ¶1)
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January 18, 2005
